Autonomous ground vehicles receiving items from transportation vehicles for delivery

ABSTRACT

Autonomous ground vehicles (“AGVs”) receive items from transportation vehicles (e.g., delivery trucks) for delivery to specified locations. After the items are received, the AGVs may navigate along travel paths to delivery locations (e.g., at user residences) to deliver the items. The AGVs may include navigation systems and sensors (e.g., imaging sensors, distance detection sensors, etc.) to assist with the navigation, and may include locking mechanisms that lock the storage compartments of the AGVs while travelling.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/218,943, filed Jul. 25, 2016, the contents of which are incorporatedby reference herein in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

Many companies, including “big box” retail and mail-order companies,package items (e.g., books, CDs, apparel, food, etc.) and/or groups ofitems together to be shipped in fulfilment of requests from customers(e.g., internal or external, retail or wholesale customers). Retailers,wholesalers, and other product distributors (which may collectively bereferred to as distributors) typically maintain an inventory of variousitems that may be ordered by customers. This inventory may be maintainedand processed at a materials handling facility. Such materials handlingfacilities may include, but are not limited to, one or more of:warehouses, distribution centers, cross-docking facilities, orderfulfillment facilities, packaging facilities, shipping facilities, orother facilities or combinations of facilities for performing one ormore functions of material (inventory) handling.

Ordered items are typically packed in shipping packages (e.g.,corrugated boxes) and shipped to the customer's residence or place ofbusiness. The delivery of physical items to a customer's specifiedlocation is traditionally accomplished using a delivery system includinga human controlled truck, bicycle, cart, etc. For example, a customermay order an item for delivery to their home. The item may be picked bya human agent from a materials handling facility, packed and shipped tothe customer for final delivery by a shipping carrier, such as theUnited States Postal Service, FedEx, or UPS. An agent of the shippingcarrier will load the item onto a truck that is driven to the finaldelivery location and a driver, or another human companion with thedriver, will retrieve the item from the truck and complete the deliveryto the destination. Over time, an increasing frequency and volume ofdeliveries of items from e-commerce and mail-order companies hasresulted in an increased need for faster and more efficient deliverymethods.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The detailed description is described with reference to the accompanyingfigures. In the figures, the left-most digit(s) of a reference numberidentifies the figure in which the reference number first appears. Theuse of the same reference numbers in different figures indicates similaror identical components or features.

FIG. 1 illustrates a broad view of the operation of a materials handlingfacility, according to some implementations.

FIG. 2A depicts a block diagram of a side view of an autonomous groundvehicle, according to an implementation.

FIG. 2B depicts another block diagram of a side view of an autonomousground vehicle, according to an implementation.

FIG. 3 depicts a block diagram of an autonomous ground vehicleenvironment, according to some implementations.

FIG. 4 depicts another block diagram of an autonomous ground vehicleenvironment, according to some implementations.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating an example process for processinga user order for an item, according to some implementations.

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating an example process for filling atransportation vehicle and travelling to a meeting location whereautonomous ground vehicles will be met, according to someimplementations.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating an example process for anautonomous ground vehicle travelling to a meeting location to receive anitem from a transportation vehicle, according to some implementations.

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram illustrating an example process for anautonomous ground vehicle travelling from a meeting location to adelivery location to deliver an item, according to some implementations.

FIG. 9 depicts a block diagram illustrating various components of anautonomous ground vehicle control system, according to animplementation.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram of an illustrative implementation of a serversystem that may be used with various implementations.

While implementations are described herein by way of example, thoseskilled in the art will recognize that the implementations are notlimited to the examples or drawings described. It should be understoodthat the drawings and detailed description thereto are not intended tolimit implementations to the particular form disclosed but, on thecontrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents andalternatives falling within the spirit and scope as defined by theappended claims. The headings used herein are for organizationalpurposes only and are not meant to be used to limit the scope of thedescription or the claims. As used throughout this application, the word“may” is used in a permissive sense (i.e., meaning having the potentialto), rather than the mandatory sense (i.e., meaning must). Similarly,the words “include,” “including,” and “includes” mean “including, butnot limited to.”

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

This disclosure describes a system in which autonomous ground vehicles(“AGVs”) are utilized to retrieve items from transportation vehicles(e.g., delivery trucks) for delivery to specified locations (e.g.,user's residences). In various implementations, the AGVs may be owned byindividual users and/or may service a group of users in a given area(e.g., in an apartment building, neighborhood, etc.). In variousimplementations, AGVs may be stationed at various types of locations(e.g., inside or outside of user residences, common areas, etc.) and maytravel out (e.g., to a street) to meet a transportation vehicle (e.g., adelivery truck) that is carrying items. For example, a notification maybe received indicating that a transportation vehicle is expected toarrive at a designated meeting location (e.g., on a street) at aparticular time. As another example, various types of sensors (e.g.,image sensors, sound sensors, etc.) may be utilized to determine when atransportation vehicle is approaching an area (e.g., an ice cream truckmay play a sound when approaching, etc.). In response to an approachingtransportation vehicle, one or more AGVs may travel out to the meetinglocation to receive items from the transportation vehicle. In oneconfiguration, a starting travel time may be established for an AGV tobegin travel toward the meeting location so that the AGV may arriveahead of the transportation vehicle. The determination of the startingtravel time may be based at least in part on an estimated time of whenthe transportation vehicle is expected to arrive at the meetinglocation.

In various implementations, AGVs may have various capabilities fornavigating to and from transportation vehicles, delivery locations, etc.For example, an AGV may include various sensors and devices (e.g.,imaging sensors, proximity sensors, GPS capabilities, etc.) to assistwith navigation. In various implementations, an AGV may also include oneor more access mechanisms to assist with opening access barriers (e.g.,doors, gates, etc.) that the AGV may encounter on a travel path (e.g.,on the way to a meeting location, delivery location, etc.). For example,an access mechanism may include a transmitter device that transmits agarage door opener signal to allow the AGV to open and close a garagedoor for exiting and/or entering a garage. As another example, aspecialized door (e.g., sized to fit the AGV) may include a lockingand/or opening mechanism that is triggered by an access mechanism of theAGV. In accordance with such access techniques and other capabilities ofAGVs, it will be appreciated that an item may be received and deliveredby an AGV without requiring a user to be home. In addition, an AGV mayreceive and deliver an item when a user is busy or otherwise unavailable(e.g., when a user is on a phone call, sleeping, etc.). Items may alsobe received and delivered by AGVs at times that may be more conducivefor deliveries (e.g., between 2:00 a.m. and 6:00 a.m., etc.).

In various implementations, when a group of AGVs is congregating at ameeting location for meeting a transportation vehicle, the positions ofthe AGVs may be coordinated so that the AGVs are in a designated orderat the meeting location. For example, when an AGV is at a meetinglocation, if another AGV is determined to be present (e.g., utilizingvarious sensors of the AGVs and/or as indicated by a central managementsystem, etc.), one or both of the AGVs may be instructed to moverelative to the other according to a designated order. In variousimplementations, the designated order may be determined according tovarious organizational methods. For example, the AGVs may be arranged tobe lined up in an order according to the delivery addresses where theAGVs will be delivering items. As another example, the AGVs may bearranged in an order according to an arranged order of items that arestored in a transportation vehicle. It will be appreciated that sucharrangements of AGVs at the meeting location may simplify the transferof items from the transportation vehicle to the AGVs. In variousimplementations, the AGVs may also include markings or other identifyingsymbols or devices (e.g., flashing lights, sounds, etc.) for simplifyingthe identification and transfer of corresponding items from thetransportation vehicle.

In various implementations, after an item from a transportation vehicleis placed in a storage compartment of an AGV, the storage compartmentmay be locked while the AGV travels to a delivery location (e.g., at auser's residence). At the delivery location, a user may interact with auser interface of the AGV, or an access code or signal may otherwise beprovided, to unlock the storage compartment. In a configuration where anAGV has multiple storage compartments for delivering multiple orders, aseparate access code or other mechanism may be utilized for each of thestorage compartments, so that each user may only access or otherwisereceive the item(s) that are part of their order. In certainimplementations, an AGV with multiple storage compartments may alsoreceive items from multiple transportation vehicles or other sources(e.g., wherein the items are locked in different storage compartments),before the AGV delivers the items to one or more delivery locations.

As used herein, a “materials handling facility” may include, but is notlimited to, warehouses, distribution centers, cross-docking facilities,order fulfillment facilities, packaging facilities, shipping facilities,rental facilities, libraries, retail stores, wholesale stores, museums,or other facilities or combinations of facilities for performing one ormore functions of materials (inventory) handling. A “delivery location,”as used herein, refers to any location at which one or more inventoryitems may be delivered. For example, the delivery location may be auser's residence, a place of business, any location where a user orinventory is located, etc. Inventory or items may be any physical goodsthat can be transported using an AGV.

A block diagram of a materials handling facility which, in oneimplementation, may be an order fulfillment facility configured toutilize various systems and methods described herein (e.g., with regardto utilization of transportation vehicles and AGVs for delivering items,etc.), is illustrated in FIG. 1. In this example, multiple users 100 maysubmit orders 120, where each order 120 specifies one or more items frominventory 130 to be shipped or otherwise delivered (e.g., by atransportation vehicle and AGV) to the user or to another entityspecified in the order. An order fulfillment facility typically includesa receiving operation 180 for receiving shipments of stock from variousvendors and storing the received stock in inventory 130. To fulfill theorders 120, the item(s) specified in each order may be retrieved or“picked” from inventory 130 (which may also be referred to as stockstorage) in the order fulfillment facility, as indicated by pickingoperation 140. The picking operation 140 may in various implementationsbe manual or automated (e.g., robotic). In some implementations, theitems of a user order may be divided into multiple shipment sets forfulfillment by a planning service before fulfillment instructions aregenerated (not shown). As used herein, the term “shipment set” may referto a single item of a user's order, multiple items of a user's order, orall items of a user's order.

In some instances, when a transportation vehicle has been designated fora delivery to a meeting location with one or more AGVs, the item(s) ofone or more shipment sets may be picked at the picking operation 140directly into storage areas (e.g., bins) of the transportation vehicle.In various implementations, the item(s) in a particular storage area maybe designated for further transport by a particular AGV, as will bedescribed in more detail below with respect to FIGS. 3 and 4. Morespecifically, once the transportation vehicle reaches a designatedmeeting location, the item(s) in a particular storage area (e.g.,wherein the storage area corresponds to a particular user order) may betransferred to or otherwise acquired by a particular AGV for deliveringthe items to a delivery location (e.g., at a user's residence, etc.). Insome implementations, the storage areas of the transportation vehiclemay be permanently affixed within the transportation vehicle. In otherimplementations, the transportation vehicle may include removablecomponents that may be filled with items in the materials handlingfacility and then placed in the transportation vehicle. For example, astorage area of a transportation vehicle may include a bay of bins,which may remain in the transportation vehicle or may be removed andfilled with items inside a materials handling facility, after which thebay of bins may be moved back into the transportation vehicle fortransport. Regardless of whether the storage areas of the transportationvehicle are fixed or removable, it will be appreciated that by pickingitems directly into the storage areas of the transportation vehicle, andthen further transporting the items with AGVs, the items may not need tobe packed in shipping packages. In addition, the packing slip typicallyincluded in a shipping package may be applied to the item (e.g.,stickered to the item), printed out at the transportation vehicle and/orAGV upon retrieval of the item, or otherwise made available to a user.

In various implementations, the storage areas of the transportationvehicle may each include a unique identifier, such as a bar code, QRcode, unique number, etc., to enable tracking, identification, and/orassociation of items placed in each of the storage areas. For example,during a picking operation, an agent or automated system (e.g., robotic)within the materials handling facility may scan the bar code of thestorage area and/or scan a bar code or identifier of the picked item asthe item is picked and/or placed into the storage area. Scanning of thestorage area and/or the picked item may be utilized to associate andtrack the item with the storage area and the transportation vehicle. Asstorage areas of transportation vehicles are filled, a routing operation145 may route the filled storage areas and/or transportation vehicles toan appropriate transporting operation 155 from which the transportationvehicle may travel to a designated meeting location for meeting withAGVs, as will be described in more detail below with respect to FIGS. 3and 4.

In other examples, a transportation vehicle (e.g., a truck) may be madeto hold or otherwise transport one or more delivery containers, in whichcase the item(s) of one or more shipment sets may be picked at thepicking operation 140 directly into delivery containers. A “deliverycontainer,” as used herein, may be any form of container used intransporting or handling items. For example, a delivery container may bea tote, pallet, bin, trailer, etc. Additionally, the delivery containermay be segmented or otherwise include division points, permanent ormovable, that enable separation of items within the delivery container.In some instances, items themselves, such as larger items (e.g., bigscreen televisions, desks, cabinets) may be considered and treated asdelivery containers. The delivery container may also include a uniqueidentifier, such as a bar code, QR code, unique number, etc., to enabletracking and identification of the delivery container and association ofitems placed into the delivery container. For example, during a pickingoperation, an agent within the materials handling facility may scan thebar code of the delivery container and scan a bar code or identifier ofthe picked item as the item is placed into the delivery container.Scanning of the delivery container and the picked item results in theitem becoming associated with and tracked with the delivery container.In some implementations, for delivery containers that are segmented orotherwise include division points, those segments may each include aunique identifier (e.g., bar code) and as items are placed in thedelivery container they may be associated with a specific location, orsegment within the delivery container by scanning the identifier of thatsegment. Likewise, because items may not be packed in shipping packages,the packing slip typically included in a shipping package may be appliedto the item (e.g., stickered to the item), printed out at thetransportation vehicle to be transported with the item when it isdelivered by an AGV, or otherwise made available to a user.

Regardless of the type of delivery container utilized, in someimplementations, some types of items can be transported in the deliverycontainer without needing to be packed in a shipping package inside thedelivery container. In other instances, items that are eitherpre-packaged, fragile, or need additional protection prior to transportmay be picked and packed in a shipping package. In anotherimplementation, items may be put into bags prior to placement in thedelivery container and/or storage areas to provide confidentiality ofthe ordered items. In addition, items from multiple shipment sets to betransported by the same transportation vehicle may be picked into thesame delivery container for transport. As delivery containers arefilled, a routing operation 145 may route the filled delivery containersto the appropriate transporting operation 155 for placement in adesignated transportation vehicle. The routing operation 145 may bemanual or automated. The routing operation 145 may receive an indicationof the transportation vehicle to which each item should be routed from ashipment planning system and route delivery containers to one of two ormore transporting operations 155, from which they may be placed in adesignated transportation vehicle.

In other examples, some picked items may be delivered to one or morestations in the order fulfillment facility for sorting 150 into theirrespective shipment sets and for packing 160 in shipping packages. Apackage routing operation 165 may sort orders for packing in shippingpackages to one of two or more shipping operations 170, from which theymay be shipped to the users 100. In various implementations,transportation vehicles may be utilized for the shipping and may beconsidered as an alternative to shipping by traditional carriers. Thepackage routing operation 165 may, depending on the specificimplementation, be either automated or manual. The package routingoperation 165 may receive an indication of the destination to which eachpacked shipment set should be routed from a central control system. Insome instances, the destination may be the final destination identifiedby the user, or a destination at which transfer of a shipment set mayoccur for final delivery to the user, or a meeting location from whichone or more AGVs may complete the final delivery. The package routingoperation 165 may also determine a routing destination for each packedshipment set dependent on the size of a shipping package in which theshipment set is contained and/or based on whether the shipment set willbe delivered by a traditional carrier, a transportation vehicle, and/oran AGV.

The arrangement and order of operations illustrated by FIG. 1 is merelyone example of many possible implementations of the operation of amaterials handling facility, such as an order fulfillment facility, thatenables filling of storage areas of transportation vehicles with itemsand subsequent travel to meeting locations for further transport by AGVs(FIGS. 3 and 4) and/or other fulfillment of user orders. Other types ofmaterials handling, manufacturing, or order fulfillment facilities mayinclude different, fewer, or additional operations and resources,according to different implementations.

FIG. 2A depicts a block diagram of a side view of an AGV 200A, accordingto an implementation. In the example of FIG. 2A, the AGV 200A includesfour wheels 222 which are mounted on axles 224 that may be rotated byone or more motors 220. In other implementations, additional or fewermotors 220 and/or wheels 222 may be included in the AGV 200A. The sizeof the AGV 200A may vary and, for purposes of illustration with respectto the example of FIG. 2A, may include a storage compartment 257 whichmay hold items that are transported by the AGV 200A. In variousimplementations, the storage compartment 257 may be divided into smallerstorage compartments (e.g., storage compartments 257A and 257B, as willbe described in more detail below with respect to FIG. 2B).

In various implementations, varying numbers and/or sizes of storagecompartments, and/or additional features may be included depending onthe specific implementation. The shape of the AGV 200A may also vary,depending on the implementation. For example, the AGV may be sized andshaped to be drivable on a standard sidewalk or road, and to fit withina doorway or other access point (e.g., of a user's residence, etc.). Thestorage compartment 257 may be sized according to various factors (e.g.,to match the size of a standard bin of a materials handling facility,wherein similar sized bins may also be used on the transportationvehicles that bring the items to the AGVs, as well as in the materialshandling facilities that the items are transported from, etc.). Invarious implementations, the utilization of standard sized andconfigured bins (e.g., with a scanning code in a standard location,etc.) may simplify the transfers and processing of items. For example,ordered items that are placed in a standard sized bin at a materialshandling facility may be easily transported by a transportation vehicleand/or AGV that is configured for transporting and processing thestandard sized bin, resulting in greater efficiencies throughout theoverall transportation process. In various implementations,weatherproofing techniques may be utilized to protect the functionalityof the AGV 200A and any operational components (e.g., storagecompartments, control panels, etc.) when the AGV is subjected to weatherconditions during travel and/or other operations. The AGV 200A furtherincludes an AGV control system 210, which as discussed in further detailbelow with respect to FIG. 9, may control the operation, routing,navigation, communication, object sense and avoid, item engagementmechanism, etc. of the AGV 200A.

As shown in FIG. 2A, various sensors 204 may be mounted to the AGV 200A.For example, sensors 204-1 and 204-2 may be mounted on the front andback of the AGV 200A, respectively. The sensors 204 may be of varioustypes. In general, certain sensors 204 may be utilized to assist withthe navigation, object sense and avoid, etc. of the AGV. For example,the sensors 204-1 and/or 204-2 may include imaging sensors and/ordistance detection sensors for measuring and monitoring the distancebetween the AGV 200A and other objects (e.g., an obstacle, a roadway,another AGV, etc.). While the example illustrated in FIG. 2A includestwo sensors 204 mounted to the AGV 200A, in other implementations, feweror additional sensors may be utilized. In one implementation, each ofthe sensors 204-1 and 204-2 may be representative of an array of sensorsthat are utilized to assist with the various functions of the AGV 200A.

The AGV 200A also includes one or more power modules 212. In thisexample, the AGV 200A includes a power module 212 that is removablymounted at the bottom of the AGV 200A. The power module 212 for the AGVmay be in the form of battery power, solar power, gas power, supercapacitor, fuel cell, alternative power generation source, or acombination thereof. The power module 212 is coupled to and providespower for the AGV control system 210 and the motor(s) 220 of thepropulsion system, as well as any other attached input/output devices,etc. The power module 212 stores energy with a corresponding energylevel. In various implementations, the stored energy level of the powermodule 212 may be recharged through various techniques. For example, aswill be described in more detail below with respect to FIGS. 3 and 4,when an AGV is at a home base location or other location, the AGV mayengage with a charging component that will recharge the power module. Asanother example, an AGV may also or alternatively utilize othertechniques for recharging (e.g., utilizing sunlight to recharge throughsolar panels, etc.). In addition, in some implementations, a powermodule may be configured such that it can be autonomously removed and/orreplaced with another power module while the AGV is at a home baselocation or other location.

In various implementations, the AGV 200A may also include an itemengagement mechanism (not shown). For example, the item engagementmechanism may include a robotic arm or other mechanism that may beutilized to engage an item for placement in a storage compartment 257 ofthe AGV 200A, or for removing an item from a storage compartment 257when the item is being delivered to a delivery location. The itemengagement mechanism may communicate with (via wired or wirelesscommunication) and be controlled by the AGV control system 210. Invarious implementations, such item engagement mechanisms may also oralternatively be included in a transportation vehicle, home baselocation, meeting location, user's residence, etc. for placing items inand/or removing items from a storage compartment 257 of the AGV 200A.

The AGV control system 210 maintains information as to whether a storagecompartment of the AGV 200A is empty or includes items, the accesscode(s) or other identifier(s) necessary to open the storage compartmentand any other information necessary to maintain the AGV. The AGV controlsystem 210 may also lock/unlock storage compartments, activate sensors,and the like. The AGV 200A may be configured to obtain information froma remote computing resource or may be configured to operate primarily asa stand-alone unit, with limited external communication toreceive/provide order/delivery/transfer information. FIG. 3, describedbelow, illustrates an example of an environment in which a centralmanagement system 326 is provided for remotely communicating with an AGV200A as part of a system for transporting items. The AGV control system210 may include a component configured to provide wired and/or wirelessnetwork connectivity (e.g., with computing resources in a user device,remote computing resources, etc.). Wireless connectivity may beimplemented using a wireless antenna (not shown), which may provide bothreceive and transmit functionality.

The AGV 200A may also include a user interface 211. The user interface211 is configured to receive and provide information to a user of theAGV 200A and may include, but is not limited to, a display, such as atouch-screen display, a scanner, a keypad, a biometric scanner, an audiotransducer, one or more speakers, one or more image capture sensors,such as a video camera, and any other types of input or output devicesthat may support interaction between the AGV 200A and a user. In variousimplementations, the user interface 211 may alternatively include morelimited features. For example, in one implementation the user interface211 may only include a relatively small display and/or a keypad forproviding input. In certain other implementations, these and otherfeatures may also be eliminated, wherein control of the AGV 200A mayprimarily be provided remotely. For example, in order to access astorage compartment, a user may send or reply to a text message to orfrom a centralized remotely located control system (e.g., a centralmanagement system), which controls the AGV 200A to open the storagecompartment door so that the user can retrieve an ordered item. Invarious implementations, the AGV 200A may have capabilities for directlyreceiving such signals from a user device or other device (e.g., adevice inside a user's residence) that provides a signal to open thestorage compartment door.

In the example of FIG. 2A, the storage compartment 257 of the AGV 200Aincludes bottom and side surfaces and a door 275 configured to form acavity in which items may be stored. In addition, the storagecompartment 257 may include various security or other components. Forexample, the storage compartment 257 may include a locking mechanism277, which may be controlled directly or remotely by the AGV controlsystem 210. The storage compartment 257 may also include a presencedetection sensor 271, a motion sensor 272, an image capture sensor 273,a temperature sensor 274 and/or other sensors.

In various implementations, the locking mechanism 277 may be controlledby the AGV control system 210, either through wired or wirelesscommunication, to effect locking and unlocking of a door 275 of astorage compartment 257. For example, when a user, carrier, etc.interacts with the user interface 211 (e.g., via the display, or with auser device, etc.) and provides an access code or other identifier, theAGV control system 210 may unlock the storage compartment 257. In aconfiguration in which the locking mechanism 277 includes a pin holdingthe door closed, the AGV control system 210 may activate the lockingmechanism 277 such that the pin retracts, thereby disengaging the lockof the storage compartment 257 allowing the door 275 as mounted on ahinge 276 to open. In some implementations, the storage compartment 257may also include a spring mechanism (not shown) such that when thelocking mechanism 277 is disengaged, the spring mechanism propels thedoor 275 outward, thereby identifying to a user, carrier, etc. that thedoor 275 is unlocked and the storage compartment 257 is accessible.

In addition to the use of retractable pins, any mechanical, magnetic,electrical or other form of locking mechanism may be utilized with thevarious implementations described herein. In addition, the storagecompartment 257 may also include magnets to help close a door. Moreover,while the above example describes the AGV control system 210 controllingthe locking mechanism, in other implementations, the storage compartmentmay also or alternatively be controlled and/or communicated withdirectly by a command component and/or remote computing resources, etc.

The presence detection sensor 271 may be used to detect the presence orabsence of objects in the storage compartment 257, and the motion sensor272 may be used to detect movement in the storage compartment 257. Forexample, the presence detection sensor 271 may be utilized when anagent, carrier, user, or automated system (e.g., robotic) is placingitems, delivery containers and/or transfer containers in the storagecompartment 257 to confirm that the item is indeed in the storagecompartment 257 before the door 275 is closed and locked by the lockingmechanism 277. Additionally, the presence detection sensor 271 and/ormotion sensor 272 may also be used when a user is retrieving an itemstored in the storage compartment 257 or when a carrier is adding orremoving an item, delivery container and/or transfer container from thestorage compartment 257. For example, when a user interacts with theuser interface 211 or an access code is otherwise provided such that astorage compartment 257 is opened, the presence detection sensor 271and/or motion sensor 272 may be used to confirm that a user has reachedinto the storage compartment 257 and removed its contents (or addeditems in the case of returns). In some implementations, there may bemultiple presence detection sensors 271 and/or motion sensors 272distributed throughout the inside of a storage compartment to ensureobjects/motion is detected.

The storage compartment 257 may also include an image capture sensor273, such as a camera, and optionally an illumination component (notshown), such as a light emitting diode (LED), that may be used toilluminate the inside of the storage compartment 257. The image capturesensor 273 may also be used to capture images or and/or detect thepresence or absence of items within the storage compartment 257. Forexample, the image capture sensor 273 may be used to capture images toidentify the type of object located within the storage compartment 257and/or to identify or record video/images of access within the storagecompartment 257. In various implementations, the sensor 273 and/or aseparate item identification sensor may include a bar code scanner orother technology that is utilized to determine an identification of anitem that is being placed, or has been placed, in the storagecompartment 257. For example, a sensor including a bar code scanner orother identification technology may be located with or as part of theother sensors 271-274, on the door 275, as part of the user interface211, or otherwise positioned so as to scan or otherwise identify an itemas it is being placed or is otherwise within the storage compartment257. Such identification and/or images, video etc. may be recorded bythe system and/or transmitted (e.g., to a central management system aswill be described in more detail below with respect to FIG. 3) and/ormay be provided to a user to identify what items have been placed in astorage compartment for delivery. For example, a user may wish toreceive a message and/or image indicating what items are beingdelivered.

Some storage compartments 257 may be refrigerated storage compartments.In various implementations, such refrigerated storage compartments mayinclude their own cooling mechanisms and/or the AGV 200A may have acentralized cooling system. The temperature of previouslynon-refrigerated storage compartments may be adjusted to becomerefrigerated storage compartments, and vice versa. In an implementationwith multiple refrigerated storage compartments, the temperature in eachof the refrigerated storage compartments may be separately adjustable,such that items inside each of the refrigerated storage compartments maybe cooled to a desired temperature. For example, items that need to bechilled or frozen at specified temperatures, such as groceries ormedical supplies, may be stored in refrigerated storage compartments.

In various implementations, the temperatures in the refrigerated storagecompartments may be adjusted when items are to be placed into therefrigerated storage compartments, or may be adjusted in advance. Forexample, when a refrigerated item is scheduled to be placed into arefrigerated storage compartment of an AGV, the temperature of therefrigerated storage compartment may be adjusted to a temperature thatis specified for the refrigerated item in advance so that therefrigerated storage compartment will already be at the specifiedtemperature when the item is placed into the refrigerated storagecompartment. In one implementation, the image capture sensor 273 may beused to capture an image of an item when it is placed into a storagecompartment in order to try to determine an appropriate storagetemperature for the item. For example, an item may have information on alabel which identifies a storage temperature, such as “contents to bestored at 32 degrees F. or lower.”

The temperatures in some or all of the refrigerated storage compartmentsmay be controlled by the AGV control system 210. Continuous monitoringand regulating of the temperatures of the refrigerated storagecompartments in which such items are kept may be important for verifyingthe condition of the items. Temperature sensors, such as the temperaturesensor 274 of the storage compartment 257, may be utilized for sensingthe temperature for monitoring and regulating the temperature inside therefrigerated storage compartment. The refrigerated storage compartmentand/or the entire AGV 200A may be insulated to prevent the dissipationof the cooled air from the refrigerated storage compartment.

In various implementations, a refrigerated storage compartment may be aninsulated storage compartment which is cooled by passive coolingelements that are placed within the storage compartment. For example,rather than utilizing an active cooling system which may have componentssuch as compressors and coils, the storage compartment may be cooled bypassive cooling elements such as cold packs, frozen water bottles, etc.In one implementation, the passive cooling elements may be added to thestorage compartment when the item is first placed into the storagecompartment, such as at a meeting location. In another implementation,the passive cooling elements may be included in a shipping containerwith an item at a materials handling facility when it is shipped to bedelivered by an AGV. In an alternative implementation, the passivecooling elements may be added to the insulated storage compartment withthe item when it arrives or is otherwise placed in the storagecompartment.

In various implementations, the number of passive cooling elements to beincluded with an item may be calculated based on a number of factors.For example, one factor may be an estimated maximum period of time thatthe item may remain in the storage compartment before it is retrieved bya user. Another factor may be the expected ambient temperature at theAGV and/or during transport to the meeting location with the AGV. Otherfactors may include the size of the storage compartment, the size andnumber of items to be included in the storage compartment, etc. Variousgovernment regulations may also specify temperatures at which certainitems are to be maintained. For example, various federal, state and/ormunicipal regulations may dictate requirements for storage temperaturesfor items as well as maximum periods of time that items may be stored ata given temperature. All of these factors may be included in acalculation of how many passive cooling elements should be included inan insulated storage compartment with an item, as well as adetermination of a maximum period of time that the item may remain inthe storage compartment.

In various implementations, the AGV 200A may also include a locatordevice (not shown) that is configured to assist with finding the AGV(e.g., when a transportation vehicle is searching for an AGV which is toreceive an item, when a user is wanting an update on the location of anAGV that is delivering an item, etc.). For example, the locator devicemay wirelessly transmit an electronic signal that enables the positionof the AGV to be tracked and/or otherwise determined (e.g., as indicatedon a screen of a mobile electronic device, etc.). As another example,the locator device may emit various sounds, activate lights, etc. (e.g.,to assist a carrier who is delivering items to multiple AGVs todetermine which AGV is the correct AGV for a current item). In variousimplementations, the locator device may be controlled by the AGV controlsystem 210 and/or a central management system (FIG. 3), etc. In variousimplementations, the AGV 200A may also include an RFID tag, a printedcircuit board, or any other object or mechanism that may be detectableand used to identify the AGV 200A for security or other purposes (e.g.,by a transportation vehicle, at an access point into a user's residence,etc.).

FIG. 2B depicts another block diagram of a side view of an AGV 200B,according to an implementation. The AGV 200B of FIG. 2B is similar tothe AGV 200A of FIG. 2A, except in the AGV 200B the storage compartment257 has been divided into storage compartments 257A and 257B. Thecomponents of the storage compartments 257A and 257B are similar tothose of the storage compartment 257, and will be understood to operatesimilarly, except as otherwise described below. More specifically, thestorage compartments 257A and 257B each include respective doors 275Aand 275B on hinges 276A and 276B, as well as respective lockingmechanisms 277A and 277B. The storage compartments 257A and 257B alsoeach include respective sets of sensors 271A-274A and 271B-274B.

In various implementations, the two storage compartments 257A and 257Bmay allow the AGV 200B to securely transport different items fordifferent user orders and/or to have a separate storage compartment fordifferent environmental or other needs (e.g., one of the storagecompartments may be refrigerated, etc.). For example, an AGV may receiveitems from a transportation vehicle that are to be delivered to twodifferent delivery locations as separately stored in the storagecompartments 257A and 257B. In such a configuration, the AGV may travelto a first delivery location to deliver the item(s) that are stored inthe storage compartment 257A, and then travel to a second deliverylocation to deliver the item(s) that are stored in the storagecompartment 257B. A separate access code or other mechanism may beutilized for opening each of the storage compartments, so that each usermay only access or otherwise receive the item(s) that are part of theirdelivery As another example, an AGV may receive items from two differenttransportation vehicles or other sources, wherein the item(s) from onesource may be stored in the storage compartment 257A while the item(s)from another source may be stored in the storage compartment 257B,before the AGV delivers the multiple items to one or more deliverylocations.

In various implementations, a transfer mechanism (e.g., an automatedmechanism including rollers, a robotic arm, etc.) may also be includedthat allows items to be transferred from one storage compartment toanother. For example, a partition between the storage compartments 257Aand 257B may be movable and/or may otherwise have an access point orother mechanism to enable a transfer mechanism to move an item fromstorage compartment 257A to storage compartment 257B, or vice versa. Invarious implementations, items may be moved between storage compartmentsfor various purposes. For example, if the AGV includes multiple items inthe storage compartment 257A that are to be delivered to differentlocations, a transfer mechanism may be utilized to move thecorresponding items for a respective delivery to the storage compartment257B (e.g., wherein the user at the delivery location will only be givenaccess to the storage compartment 257B that contains the ordered items).As another example, the AGV may receive items from multiple differenttransportation vehicles or other sources, wherein the item(s) from eachsource may initially be placed in the empty storage compartment 257Bbefore being moved by a transfer mechanism to be secured within thestorage compartment 257A before additional items are received fromanother source in the storage compartment 257B. In such a configuration,if the items are all being delivered to a single delivery location,access to the storage compartment 257A may be provided at the deliverylocation. Alternatively, if the items are being delivered to multipledelivery locations, for each respective delivery the transfer mechanismmay be utilized to move the corresponding items for the respectivedelivery to the storage compartment 257B, as described above.

In various implementations, a transfer mechanism may also be utilizedfor transferring items between AGVs. For example, doors or panels in thesides, etc. of the AGVs may be movable and/or may otherwise have anaccess point or other mechanism to enable a transfer mechanism to movean item from one AGV to another (e.g., as the AGVs have moved to beadjacent to one another, etc.). In various implementations, items may betransferred between AGVs for various purposes. For example, if a firstuser wishes to provide an item to a second user (e.g., without requiringhuman interaction for the transfer), the first user's AGV that containsthe item may be designated as a transportation vehicle and may travel tomeet the second user's AGV at a meeting location where the item will betransferred to the second user's AGV for subsequent delivery to thesecond user. As another example, if an item is to be transported over along distance, a first AGV that contains the item may be designated as atransportation vehicle and may travel for a first distance to meet asecond AGV at a meeting location where the item will be transferred tothe second AGV for subsequent transport for a second distance, etc.

In various implementations, AGVs may be utilized for different types oftransactions (e.g., as facilitated by the central management system 326,etc.). For example, if a user at a location 308-1 wishes to advertiseand sell an item to a user who is at a location 308-2, an AGV (e.g., AGV200-1 and/or AGV 200-2) may be utilized to transport the item from thelocation 308-1 to the location 308-2 (e.g., without requiring any directhuman contact or interaction). As another example, a location 308-1 maybe a business (e.g., a corner grocery store, a restaurant, an officesupply store, etc.) for which an AGV (e.g., AGV 200-1 and/or AGV 200-2)may be utilized to deliver an item from the location 308-1 to a location308-2 (e.g., which may be a user's residence, another business, etc.).

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an illustrative AGV environment 300 thatenables a user 302 to order an item that will be transported by an AGV200 to a delivery location 308. As will be described in more detailbelow, once a transportation vehicle 332 reaches a meeting location ML,an AGV 200 (e.g., which may have travelled to the meeting location MLfrom a home base location at a user's residence 308) may transport theitem from the meeting location ML to a user specified delivery location308 (e.g., back to the user's residence, etc.). In one configuration,the home base location (e.g., at the user residence) and/or the meetinglocation ML may include charging components and/or servicing areas forthe AGV 200.

The AGV environment 300 includes a user interface that allows a user 302to place an order for an item that will be transported by an AGV 200 toa delivery location. The user interface may be a graphical userinterface, an audio only interface, a multi-mode interface, or any otherinterface for interacting with the user 302. The user interface may beprovided to the user 302 through any type of electronic device 306, suchas a tablet, desktop, laptop, smart phone, personal digital assistant,netbook, etc. The user interface may be delivered to the electronicdevice 306 by one or more remote computing resources 310 that make uppart or all of an electronic commerce shopping environment. In otherembodiments, the user interface may be in direct communication between auser and an agent.

The remote computing resources 310 may form a portion of anetwork-accessible computing platform implemented as a computinginfrastructure of processors, storage, software, data access, and othercomponents that is maintained and accessible via a network 309.Services, such as e-commerce shopping services, offered by the remotecomputing resources 310 do not require that the user have knowledge ofthe physical location and configuration of the system that delivers theservices. The electronic device 306 may communicatively couple to theremote computing resources 310 via the network 309 which may representwired technologies (e.g., wires, USB, fiber optic cable, etc.), wirelesstechnologies (e.g., RF, cellular, satellite, Bluetooth, etc.), and/orother connection technologies. The network 309 carries data between theelectronic device 306 and the remote computing resources 310.

After receiving from a user 302 an order for an item that may betransported by an AGV 200 to a delivery location, the electronic device306 may send this information to the remote computing resources 310 overthe network 309. As illustrated, the remote computing resources 310 mayinclude one or more servers, such as servers 320(1), 320(2), . . . ,320(N). These servers 320(1)-(N) may be arranged in any number of ways,such as server farms, stacks, and the like that are commonly used indata centers. Furthermore, the servers 320(1)-(N) may include one ormore processors 322 and memory 324 that may store a central managementsystem 326.

The central management system 326 may be configured, for example, toperform order planning and filling of transportation vehicles 332 withorders (e.g., at a materials handling facility 330) for transport tomeeting locations where AGVs may be met for further transporting theitems to user specified delivery locations. In fulfilling orders thatmay be transported by an AGV, the materials handling facility 330 mayfulfill orders using any of the processes discussed above with respectto FIG. 1. The transportation vehicles 332 and/or AGVs 200 maycommunicatively couple to the remote computing resources 310 via thenetwork 309. For example, the communications to and from thetransportation vehicles 332 and/or AGVs 200 may utilize wirelessantennas of the transportation vehicles and AGVs.

The central management system 326 may also be configured, for example,to communicate with the transportation vehicles 332 and/or AGVs 200. Invarious implementations, the general activities of transportationvehicles and AGVs, including those related to the planning andimplementation of the transportation vehicles receiving and transportingitems and travelling to the designated meeting locations, and theacquiring and transport of items from the meeting locations to deliverylocations by the AGVs, may be coordinated and/or otherwise controlled bythe central management system 326. For example, the central managementsystem 326 may receive or determine schedule data for the travel of thetransportation vehicles to the designated meeting locations (e.g., aswill be described in more detail below with respect to FIG. 6) and forthe travel of the AGVs to and from the meeting locations (e.g., as willbe described in more detail below with respect to FIGS. 7 and 8) and/ormay otherwise direct the travel and/or the distribution and/or receivingof items by transportation vehicles and/or AGVs. As an example,instructions may be transmitted to an AGV 200 that indicate a meetinglocation ML where a transportation vehicle 326 may be met by the AGV 200for acquiring an item that is to be delivered to a delivery location 308(e.g., at a user's residence which may also correspond to a home baselocation for the AGV 200, etc.).

In various implementations, an AGV 200 may be configured to communicatewith other AGVs 200, the central management system 326, etc. regardingvarious types of data and/or information. For example, an AGV 200 maysense and/or receive travel related data (e.g., related to travelconditions, obstacles, etc. for travelling along a travel path). Invarious implementations, travel related data that is sensed and/orcollected by an AGV may be shared with a central management system,other AGVs, other vehicles, and/or other entities. The AGVs may also usethis information locally, in combination with other received travelrelated data (e.g., for navigating current travel paths, etc.). Suchtravel related data may be centrally stored and/or otherwise processedto be utilized for creating and/or updating travel maps, informing otherAGVs regarding the availability and/or conditions of certain travelpaths, etc.

In various implementations, the remote computing resources 310 and/orcentral management system 326 may also receive tracking data (e.g., GPS)regarding the coordinates of the transportation vehicles and/or AGVs.The GPS data may be utilized for various purposes, such as answeringlocation status requests or for sending notifications regarding thecurrent locations of the transportation vehicles and/or AGVs. Forexample, a user may request that a notification be sent when atransportation vehicle or an AGV with an ordered item is approaching. Asanother example, a notification may be sent to an AGV when atransportation vehicle is on the way to or otherwise approaching ameeting location where the AGV is to meet the transportation vehicle foracquiring an identified item from the transportation vehicle.Notifications may also be sent from the transportation vehicle 332and/or AGV 200 to the remote computing resources 310 and/or centralmanagement system 326 regarding various events (e.g., when an item hasbeen acquired by an AGV from a transportation vehicle, when an AGV hasarrived at a delivery location with an acquired item, etc.). In variousimplementations, the remote computing resources 310 and/or centralmanagement system 326 may also receive information and/or otherwisecommunicate with materials handling facilities 330, delivery locations308 at users' residences, etc. (e.g., regarding activities related tothe deliveries of ordered items, etc.).

FIG. 4 depicts another block diagram of an AGV environment 300B,according to some implementations. In the example of FIG. 4, threedelivery locations 308-1, 308-2 and 308-3 are illustrated (e.g.,corresponding to user residences, etc.), which may also correspond tohome base locations for three AGVs 200-1, 200-2 and 200-3. In oneexample scenario, a transportation vehicle 332 travels (e.g., from amaterials handling facility) with items to a meeting location ML. TheAGVs 200-1, 200-2 and 200-3 may travel from respective home baselocations (e.g., corresponding to the respective delivery locations308-1, 308-2 and 308-3 at the respective user residences) to the meetinglocation ML. At the meeting location ML, the AGVs 200-1, 200-2 and 200-3acquire respective items from the transportation vehicle 332, and followrespective travel paths back to the respective delivery locations 308-1,308-2 and 308-3.

In various implementations, the meeting location ML that thetransportation vehicle 332 is travelling to for meeting the AGVs 200-1,200-2 and 200-3 may be determined in various ways. For example, themeeting location ML may be determined according to a notification thatis received from a central management system 326 or remote computingresource that indicates the meeting location. As another example, thetransportation vehicle 332 may follow a scheduled delivery route forwhich the meeting location ML may be determined according to a scheduledstopping location of the transportation vehicle 332 at a particulartime. As another example, coordination may be performed with thetransportation vehicle 332 to determine the meeting location ML. Invarious implementations, once the meeting location ML is determined, theAGVs 200-1, 200-2 and 200-3 may each receive messages or otherwise beinstructed to receive one or more items from the transportation vehicle332 at the meeting location ML, wherein the items are to be delivered bythe AGVs from the meeting location ML to the respective deliverylocations 308-1, 308-2 and 308-3 at the respective user residences.

Such messages or instructions may indicate a time when thetransportation vehicle 332 is expected to arrive at the meeting location332. The AGVs 200-1, 200-2 and 200-3 may begin travel toward the meetinglocation ML far enough in advance so as to arrive before or at the sametime as the transportation vehicle 332. In various implementations, theAGVs 200-1, 200-2 and 200-3 may congregate in specified patterns orarrangements at the meeting location ML. For example, the AGVs 200-1,200-2 and 200-3 may line up at the meeting location ML in a particularorder (e.g., according to the addresses of the delivery locations 308-1,308-2 and 308-3, or in other orders) so as to simplify the transfer ofitems from the transportation vehicle 332 to the AGVs 200-1, 200-2 and200-3. The AGVs 200-1, 200-2 and 200-3 may also include markings orother identifying symbols or devices (e.g., lights, sounds, etc.) forsimplifying the identification and transfer of corresponding items fromthe transportation vehicle 332 to the AGVs.

As will be described in more detail below with respect to FIGS. 7 and 8,as part of the travel from the home base locations to the meetinglocation, and from the meeting location to the delivery locations (e.g.,which may be the same as the home base locations), the AGVs 200-1, 200-2and 200-3 may encounter various obstacles and/or access barriers (e.g.,doors, gates, etc.) The AGVs 200-1, 200-2 and 200-3 may be enabled withnavigation capabilities for navigating around obstacles and for openingor otherwise gaining access past access barriers (e.g., to allow an AGVto bring an item into a user's residence as instructed by the user). Invarious implementations, additional navigation may also be required whena home base location is not the same as a delivery location. Forexample, a home base location may be on the front porch of a user'sresidence, and once an item is acquired, a user may want the AGV tobring the item to a delivery location inside the user's residence (e.g.,requiring navigation through a door or other access point of the user'sresidence). Once the item has been delivered from the AGV (e.g., asretrieved by the user from the AGV, or as otherwise removed from the AGVby a robotic arm of the AGV or residence, etc.), the AGV may beinstructed to return to the home base location (e.g., requiringnavigation back out a door or other access point of the user's residenceso as to return to the front porch, etc.). In various implementations,the AGV may be configured to transmit a signal, or otherwise include anidentification mechanism to cause the access barrier (e.g., a door,etc.) to be opened or otherwise unlocked to allow the AGV to navigatethrough or otherwise past the access barrier.

In a different example scenario, rather than the AGVs 200-2 and 200-3both being utilized to deliver the ordered items to the deliverylocations 308-2 and 308-3, a single AGV (e.g., AGV 200-2) may includetwo or more storage compartments (e.g., see FIG. 2B) and may be utilizedto deliver the items. In such a scenario, the AGV 200-2 may travel tothe meeting location ML and may receive items that are placed in thefirst and second storage compartments, according to the different userorders. The AGV 200-2 may then deliver the items to the deliverylocations 308-2 and 308-3, wherein at the delivery location 308-2 onlythe first storage compartment may be opened, and at the deliverylocation 308-3 only the second storage compartment may be opened. Insuch a configuration where an AGV has multiple storage compartments fordelivering multiple orders, a separate access code or other mechanismmay be utilized for each of the storage compartments, so that each usermay only access or otherwise receive the item(s) that are part of theirorder.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating an example process 500 forprocessing a user order for an item. This process, and each processdescribed herein, may be implemented by the architectures describedherein or by other architectures. The process is illustrated as acollection of blocks in a logical flow graph. Some of the blocksrepresent operations that can be implemented in hardware, software, or acombination thereof. In the context of software, the blocks representcomputer-executable instructions stored on one or more computer readablemedia that, when executed by one or more processors, perform the recitedoperations. Generally, computer-executable instructions includeroutines, programs, objects, components, data structures, and the likethat perform particular functions or implement particular abstract datatypes.

The computer readable media may include non-transitory computer readablestorage media, which may include hard drives, floppy diskettes, opticaldisks, CD-ROMs, DVDs, read-only memories (ROMs), random access memories(RAMs), EPROMs, EEPROMs, flash memory, magnetic or optical cards,solid-state memory devices, or other types of storage media suitable forstoring electronic instructions. In addition, in some implementationsthe computer readable media may include a transitory computer readablesignal (in compressed or uncompressed form). Examples of computerreadable signals, whether modulated using a carrier or not, include, butare not limited to, signals that a computer system hosting or running acomputer program can be configured to access, including signalsdownloaded through the Internet or other networks. Finally, the order inwhich the operations are described is not intended to be construed as alimitation, and any number of the described operations can be combinedin any order and/or in parallel to implement the process.

The example process 500 begins with the receipt of a purchase requestinitiated by a user, as in 502. Upon receiving a purchase request for anitem from a user, a determination is made as to the estimated deliverytimeframe for that item, as in 504. In some examples, this may includeidentifying a materials handling facility with the requested item instock and estimating the time required to fulfill the item to the user.In other implementations, the estimated delivery timeframe may be a setday from the date of the purchase request or a series of days. Forexample, a user may specify that the delivery timeframe is to be one dayfrom the date of the purchase request or between three and five daysfrom the date of the purchase request. In still other implementations,the estimated delivery timeframe may be a set day of the week upon whichthe user has requested to have items delivered. For example, a user maypreselect to have items ordered during the week delivered on Thursday ofevery week.

After the estimated delivery timeframe is determined, a determination ismade as to whether a delivery by an AGV is available, as in 506. Asdescribed above, in various implementations, AGVs may be stationed athome base locations that correspond to delivery locations (e.g., at userresidences). For example, if a user owns or otherwise has an AGVstationed at a home base location at the user's residence, and if adelivery vehicle is available that can travel to a meeting location andtransfer the item to the AGV for the delivery, then delivery by the AGVmay be determined to be available. If it is determined that a deliveryby an AGV is available, a determination is made as to whether a deliveryby AGV is selected by the user, as in 508. In various implementations,an interaction may be received from a user through a user interface thatpresents delivery options to the user and receives a selection from theuser (e.g., for selecting a delivery by AGV or other delivery option).In addition, in various implementations a user may preselect or providea preference for deliveries by an AGV or other delivery options. If adelivery by AGV is selected by the user, the delivery by AGV isdesignated as the delivery option for the item, as in 510.

If it is determined that a delivery by AGV is not selected by the user,as in 508, or if delivery by AGV is not available, as in 506, anothertype of delivery option is designated (e.g., as selected by the user)for the item, as in 512. In various implementations, other deliveryoptions may include traditional carrier deliveries, providing an item ata pickup location where a user may retrieve the item, etc.

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating an example process 600 for fillinga transportation vehicle with items for delivery and travelling to ameeting location. The example process begins by directing items to beplaced into storage areas of the transportation vehicle, as in 602. Forexample, as described above with respect to FIG. 1, for items that havebeen ordered with AGVs designated for the deliveries, in oneimplementation a materials handling facility may pick and place theordered items in one or more storage areas (e.g., bins) of thetransportation vehicle from which the items will be transferred to thedesignated AGVs. As another example, in addition or as an alternative toreceiving items at a materials handling facility, the transportationvehicle may also travel to a receiving area or location for receivingitems (e.g., from a merchant, vendor, etc.) before travelling to ameeting location where items will be transferred to AGVs.

After the items have been placed into the storage areas of thetransportation vehicle, data may be synchronized regarding the storageareas, as in 604. In various implementations, at least some of the datathat is synchronized may be generated as the items are placed into thestorage areas of the transportation vehicle. For example, as describedabove with respect to FIG. 1, the transportation vehicle and/orindividual storage areas (e.g., bins) may include unique identifiers,such as a bar code, QR code, unique number, etc., to enable tracking,identification and association of items placed into the storage areas ofthe transportation vehicle. Scanning of the identifiers for the storageareas and the picked items may result in the items becoming associatedwith the storage areas and tracked with the transportation vehicle. Invarious implementations, the associated data may be synchronized among acomputing system of the transportation vehicle, the central managementsystem, and/or other systems.

After the data has been synchronized, the transportation vehicle isdirected to travel to a meeting location where the items will betransferred to AGVs for further transport to user specified deliverylocations, as in 606. In various implementations, the transportationvehicle may be any type of mobile machine, such as a truck, car,watercraft, aircraft, etc., and control of the mobile machine may bemanual (e.g., a driver) or automated (e.g., directly or remotelycontrolled by an automated system, robotic, etc.). As will be describedin more detail below with respect to FIG. 7, AGVs may begin traveltoward the meeting location so as to arrive before or at the same timeas the transportation vehicle.

Once the transportation vehicle is in transit or has reached the meetinglocation, notifications may be sent to users and/or AGVs confirming thatordered items are in the transportation vehicle, as in 608. For example,a user may wish to receive a confirmation that an ordered item is in thetransportation vehicle. Such notifications may also be utilized todetermine if an AGV should continue travel toward a meeting location(e.g., depending on whether or not the transportation vehicle istransporting the ordered item that the AGV is supposed to receive). Invarious implementations, such notifications may further indicate anestimated arrival time of the transportation vehicle at the meetinglocation and/or of the AGV at the user specified delivery location. Forexample, GPS signals may be utilized to determine the coordinates of thetransportation vehicle and/or AGV. In various implementations, users maybe able to view a map on a website that shows and updates the currentlocation of the transportation vehicle and/or AGV, or may otherwisereceive notifications regarding current locations.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating an example process 700 for an AGVtravelling to a meeting location to receive an item from atransportation vehicle. The example process begins with the AGVdeparting from a home base location, as in 702. For example, the homebase location may be a location inside a user's residence, on a user'sporch, in a user's garage, etc. where the AGV is generally stationed andwaits for instructions (e.g., while utilizing charging components and/orother facilities). After the AGV departs from the home base location, atravel path is followed to a meeting location, as in 704. In variousimplementations, travel path instructions and/or information may bereceived by the AGV (e.g., from the central management system, from atransportation vehicle, from a remote computing resource, from otherAGVs, etc.). As part of the travelling along the travel path, thepropulsion system of the AGV may be controlled (e.g., by the AGV controlsystem 210 as will be described in more detail below with respect toFIG. 9) to navigate the AGV along the travel path from the home baselocation where the AGV is stationed to the meeting location (e.g., whichmay be designated as a receiving location where the AGV receives theitem from the transportation vehicle).

In various implementations, the meeting location that the transportationvehicle is travelling to for meeting the AGV (e.g., and possibly otherAGVs) may be determined in various ways. For example, the meetinglocation may be determined according to a notification that is receivedfrom a central management system or remote computing resource thatindicates the meeting location. As another example, the transportationvehicle may follow a scheduled delivery route for which the meetinglocation may be determined according to a scheduled stopping location ofthe transportation vehicle at a particular time. As another example,coordination may be performed with the transportation vehicle todetermine a meeting location. In various implementations, once themeeting location is determined, the AGV may be instructed (e.g., by thecentral management system, a remote computing resource, a control systemof the AGV, etc.) to travel from the home base location to the meetinglocation to meet the transportation vehicle to receive the item.

As the travel path toward the meeting location is followed by the AGV, adetermination is made as to whether any obstacles are encountered, as in706. If obstacles are encountered, the travel path to the meetinglocation may be altered to avoid the obstacles, as in 708. For example,AGVs that follow roadways, sidewalks, etc. may encounter obstacles(e.g., construction, blocked pathways, etc.) for which a different routemay be calculated and taken. In addition to the travel path beingaltered to avoid any obstacles, a determination is also made as towhether any openable access barriers (e.g., openable doors, gates, etc.)are encountered, as in 710. If openable access barriers are encountered,the access barriers are opened to allow the AGV to travel through theaccess barriers, as in 712.

In various implementations, the AGV may include an access mechanism thatis configured to transmit a signal, or otherwise to cause an accessbarrier to be opened or otherwise unlocked to allow the AGV to travelthrough or otherwise past the access barrier. For example, the AGV mayinclude an access mechanism that is configured to transmit a remotecontrol signal to open an access barrier (e.g., a garage door) so as toallow the AGV to leave the garage to travel to a meeting location. Asanother example, an access barrier in a user's residence that is sizedspecifically for the AGV may include a sensing mechanism that senses anaccess mechanism of the AGV for unlocking the access barrier andallowing the AGV to pass through for travelling out to a meetinglocation. It is noted that if an access barrier is not openable, it maybe treated as an obstacle according to the operations of blocks 706 and708.

In various implementations, an AGV may also utilize various types ofassistance (e.g., from a human, another AGV, another autonomousmechanism, etc.) as part of the navigation along a travel path (e.g., inorder to navigate past an obstacle or access barrier, etc.). In variousimplementations, an AGV may utilize different mechanisms for requestingassistance. For example, an AGV may request assistance by utilizing aspeaker (e.g., with a synthesized voice to request that a doorman open adoor, etc.), or a display or transmitted electronic message (e.g., witha request for assistance) in order to navigate past obstacles and/oraccess barriers, etc. In various implementations, a travel path may bedetermined in part based on an availability of assistance at certainlocations. For example, if it is determined that an elevator operator isavailable to provide assistance (e.g., for pressing a button orotherwise electronically selecting a particular floor on behalf of theAGV, etc.), a travel path may be planned that includes travel by theelevator.

As obstacles and/or access barriers are passed, the AGV continues totravel along the travel path, as in 704, and if additional obstaclesand/or access barriers are encountered, the process is repeated, as in706 and/or 710. Once the AGV has passed any remaining obstacles and/oraccess barriers as it continues to travel along the travel path, the AGVarrives at the meeting location, as in 714. In various implementations,a notification may be sent (e.g., to the transportation vehicle, centralmanagement system, etc.) once the AGV arrives at the meeting location.

After the AGV arrives at the meeting location, the AGV is positionedrelative to other AGVs at the meeting location, as in 716. In variousimplementations, when a group of AGVs is congregating at a meetinglocation for meeting a transportation vehicle, the positions of the AGVsmay be coordinated so that the AGVs are in a designated order at themeeting location. For example, when an AGV is at a meeting location, ifother AGVs are determined to be present (e.g., utilizing various sensorsof the AGVs and/or as indicated by a central management system, etc.),the AGVs may be instructed to move relative to one another according toa designated order. In various implementations, the designated order maybe determined according to various organizational methods. For example,the AGVs may be arranged to be lined up in an order according to thedelivery addresses where the AGVs will be delivering items. As anotherexample, the AGVs may be arranged in an order according to an arrangedorder of items that are stored in a transportation vehicle. In variousimplementations, the AGVs may also include markings or other identifyingsymbols or devices (e.g., flashing lights, sounds, etc.) for simplifyingthe identification and transfer of corresponding items from thetransportation vehicle.

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram illustrating an example process 800 for an AGVtravelling from a meeting location to a delivery location to deliver anitem. The example process begins with the AGV receiving the item fromthe transportation vehicle, as in 802. In various implementations,different types of techniques may be utilized for the AGV to receive theitem. For example, an AGV and/or transportation vehicle may include anitem engagement mechanism (e.g., a robotic arm) for engaging an itemthat is on the transportation vehicle that is to be received by the AGV(e.g., by placing the item in a storage compartment of the AGV, etc.).As another example, a human carrier who is operating the transportationvehicle may take the item from the transportation vehicle and place itin a storage compartment of the AGV.

In various implementations, once the item is placed in the storagecompartment, the storage compartment may be locked or otherwise securedfor the transport of the item to a delivery location. For example, thestorage compartment may include an electronic locking mechanism that maybe controlled to lock the storage compartment once it is determined thatthe item has been placed in the storage compartment. The determinationthat an item has been placed in the storage compartment may be madeaccording to various types of procedures. For example, an input may bereceived (e.g., by the AGV control system 210) from a carrier,transportation vehicle, remote computing resource, etc. that indicatesthat an item has been placed in the storage compartment that is to bedelivered to a delivery location. As another example, various sensors(e.g., sensors 271-273) may be utilized to determine that an item hasbeen placed in the storage compartment and has thus been received by theAGV. In various implementations, once the item is received, or in someinstances before the item is received, the AGV may be instructed (e.g.,by the central management system, a remote computing resource, a controlsystem 210 of the AGV, etc.) to travel from the meeting location to adelivery location (e.g., at a user's residence) to deliver the item. Invarious implementations, once the item is received, a message may alsobe sent to the user (e.g., from the AGV control system 210, the centralmanagement system, a remote computing resource, etc.) that indicatesthat the AGV has received the item and the message may also indicate anidentification of the item (e.g., including a description or picture ofthe item taken by a sensor of the AGV, etc.).

After the item is received, the AGV follows a travel path to a deliverylocation, as in 804. In various implementations, travel pathinstructions and/or information may be received by the AGV (e.g., fromthe central management system, from a transportation vehicle, from aremote computing resource, from other AGVs, etc.). As part of thetravelling along the travel path, the propulsion system of the AGV maybe controlled (e.g., by the AGV control system 210 as will be describedin more detail below with respect to FIG. 9) to navigate the AGV alongthe travel path to the delivery location to deliver the item. As thetravel path is followed, a determination is made as to whether anyobstacles are encountered, as in 806. If obstacles are encountered, thetravel path to the meeting location may be altered to avoid theobstacles, as in 808, similar to the operations described above withrespect to block 708 of FIG. 7. In addition to the travel path beingaltered to avoid any obstacles, a determination is also made as towhether any openable access barriers (e.g., openable doors, gates, etc.)are encountered, as in 810. If openable access barriers are encountered,the access barriers are opened to allow the AGV to travel through theaccess barriers, as in 812, similar to the operations described abovewith respect to block 808 of FIG. 8.

As obstacles and/or access barriers are passed, the AGV continues totravel along the travel path, as in 804, and if additional obstaclesand/or access barriers are encountered, the process is repeated, as in806 and/or 810. Once the AGV has passed any remaining obstacles and/oraccess barriers as it continues to travel along the travel path, the AGVarrives at the delivery location and delivers the item, as in 814. Invarious implementations, a notification may be sent (e.g., to thecentral management system, to a user, etc.) once the AGV arrives at thedelivery location and/or otherwise has received and/or delivered theitem. In various implementations, a notification may be included as partof a message that is sent to a user (e.g., from the AGV, centralmanagement system, etc.), which indicates that an item is beingdelivered and may also include information indicating an identificationof the item (e.g., a description of the item, a picture of the item inthe storage compartment as taken by an image capture sensor of the AGV,etc.).

In various implementations, the delivery of the item at the deliverylocation may be performed by following various procedures. For example,an item engagement mechanism (e.g., a robotic arm) of the AGV ordelivery location may be utilized to remove the item from the storagecompartment of the AGV and place the item at the delivery location(e.g., in a corner of the floor, on a counter, in a refrigerator, etc.).As another example, a delivery may consist of the AGV waiting at thedelivery location until a user arrives and removes the item from thestorage compartment of the AGV. In some instances, a user may berequired to perform an action to unlock or otherwise open the storagecompartment (e.g., by interacting with the user interface 211 andentering an access code, or sending a signal from a smart phone, orutilizing another electronic or mechanical opening device, etc.) Inresponse to such unlocking procedures, the locking mechanism iscontrolled (e.g., by the AGV control system 210, central managementsystem, remote computing resource, etc.) to unlock the storagecompartment to enable the item to be retrieved from the storagecompartment at the delivery location by the user. In other instances,the locking mechanism may be controlled to automatically unlock thestorage compartment once an AGV reaches a delivery location (e.g.,according to a sensed location of the AGV, or according to a signal froma transmitting device within a user's residence or doorway, etc.).

After the item is delivered, a determination is made as to whether thedelivery location is a home base location for the AGV. If the deliverylocation is not a home base location, the AGV follows a travel path to ahome base location, as in 818. If the delivery location is a home baselocation for the AGV, the process completes, as in 820. In variousimplementations, a home base location for an AGV may include chargingcomponents or other facilities for the AGV (e.g., an inductive chargingcomponent that the AGV engages when the AGV is at the home baselocation, etc.). In various implementations, a home base location may bea location where an AGV is generally stationed and waits forinstructions and/or is otherwise located when not performing deliveriesor other activities, and to which an AGV may return when such activitiesare completed.

In various implementations, a home base location for an AGV may be in oraround different areas of a user's residence or other location. Forexample, a home base location may be in a user's kitchen, hallway,garage, front porch, etc. As other examples, a home base location for anAGV that services a group of users may be in a common area such as ahallway, lobby, garage, etc. As noted above, in some instances a homebase location may be utilized as a delivery location where an item willbe retrieved from a storage compartment of the AGV by a user. In otherinstances, the delivery location may be in a more convenient area orlocation (e.g., as delivered to a user's front door, kitchen, etc.),after which the AGV may return to a home base location. In variousimplementations, the AGV may return to a different home base locationthan the AGV started at for making a current delivery. For example, aresidence or other area may include multiple home base locations, wherean AGV may return to whichever home base location is most convenient oroptimal for future expected deliveries, etc.

In various implementations, a home base location may also be a meetinglocation that a transportation vehicle may travel to where items are tobe received by AGVs. For example, an apartment building may have a homebase location in a garage, wherein one or more AGVs may be stationed atthe home base location to wait for a transportation vehicle that willenter the garage for transferring items to the AGVs. In such instances,an AGV may not need to travel to the meeting location (e.g., asdescribed above with respect to FIG. 7), since the home base locationwhere the AGV is stationed is the same as the meeting location that thetransportation vehicle travels to. Once the items are received, the AGVsmay follow travel paths (e.g., utilizing an elevator of the building) totravel to the designated delivery locations (e.g., at users' front doorson the various floors of the building, etc.).

In various implementations, certain portions of the example process 800may be repeated, in particular with regard to deliveries of multipleitems. For example, if an AGV is carrying multiple items that are to bedelivered to different delivery locations (e.g., as stored in separatestorage compartments of the AGV), the AGV may travel from one deliverylocation to another before returning to a home base location or otherdesignated location. As another example, an AGV may receive multipleitems from different transportation vehicles or other sources (e.g.,stored in separate storage compartments of the AGV), before deliveringthe multiple items to one or more delivery locations. In a configurationwhere separate storage compartments (e.g., see FIG. 3B) are utilized forseparate deliveries, a separate access code or other mechanism may beutilized for opening each of the storage compartments, so that each usermay only access or otherwise receive the item(s) that are part of theirdelivery.

In various implementations, in addition to delivering items to users,AGVs may also be utilized for delivering items to transportationvehicles as part of return processes for items. For example, when userwishes to return an ordered item, the user may place the item in an AGVwhich may travel to a delivery location which may be a meeting locationwhere the AGV will deliver the item to a transportation vehicle whichwill transport the item back to a materials handling facility or otherlocation as part of a return process for the item. In such instances,certain portions of the processes described above with respect to FIGS.7 and 8 may essentially be reversed, wherein after an item that is to bereturned is received in a storage compartment of the AGV (e.g., at auser's residence, etc.), the AGV may follow a travel path to a deliverylocation/meeting location (e.g., where other AGVs that are returning orreceiving items may congregate) for meeting a transportation vehicle towhich the AGV will deliver the item for the return. After the item hasbeen delivered to the transportation vehicle, the AGV may then follow atravel path back to a home base location.

In various implementations, a receiving location may be designated as alocation where an AGV receives an item that is to be transported by theAGV. In the above scenario where an item is received by the AGV as partof a return process for the item (e.g., wherein the AGV is to transportthe item to a transportation vehicle for the return), the receivinglocation may be a home base location that the AGV is stationed at. Forexample, when a user wishes to return an item, the user may take theitem to the home base location where the AGV is stationed and may placethe item in the storage compartment of the AGV, in which case the homebase location is a receiving location for the AGV. Alternatively, in ascenario where an AGV is delivering an item to a user, the receivinglocation may be a meeting location that the AGV travels to or isotherwise at for receiving the item from a transportation vehicle (e.g.,as described above with respect to FIGS. 7 and 8).

FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustrating an example AGV control system210, such as may be utilized for the AGVs 200 of FIGS. 2A, 2B, 3 and 4,or for other types of AGVs. In various examples, the block diagram ofFIG. 9 may be illustrative of one or more aspects of the AGV controlsystem 210 that may be used to implement the various systems and methodsdiscussed herein. In the illustrated implementation, the AGV controlsystem 210 includes one or more processors 902 coupled to anon-transitory computer readable storage medium 920 via an input/output(I/O) interface 910. The AGV control system 210 may also include apropulsion controller 904 (e.g., for controlling one or more motors,engines, etc.), a power controller 906 (e.g., for controlling,monitoring and/or regulating the use and charging of the power modules)and/or a navigation system 908. The AGV control system 210 furtherincludes an item engagement mechanism controller 912, a networkinterface 916, and one or more input/output devices 918.

In various implementations, the AGV control system 210 may be auniprocessor system including one processor 902, or a multiprocessorsystem including several processors 902 (e.g., two, four, eight, oranother suitable number). The processor(s) 902 may be any suitableprocessor capable of executing instructions. For example, in variousimplementations, the processor(s) 902 may be general-purpose or embeddedprocessors implementing any of a variety of instruction setarchitectures (ISAs), such as the x86, PowerPC, SPARC, or MIPS ISAs, orany other suitable ISA. In multiprocessor systems, each processor(s) 902may commonly, but not necessarily, implement the same ISA.

The non-transitory computer readable storage medium 920 may beconfigured to store executable instructions, data, travel paths, and/ordata items accessible by the processor(s) 902. In variousimplementations, the non-transitory computer readable storage medium 920may be implemented using any suitable memory technology, such as staticrandom access memory (SRAM), synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM),nonvolatile/Flash-type memory, or any other type of memory. In theillustrated implementation, program instructions and data implementingdesired functions, such as those described herein, are shown storedwithin the non-transitory computer readable storage medium 920 asprogram instructions 922, data storage 924 and travel path data 926,respectively. In other implementations, program instructions, data,and/or travel paths may be received, sent, or stored upon differenttypes of computer-accessible media, such as non-transitory media, or onsimilar media separate from the non-transitory computer readable storagemedium 920 or the AGV control system 210. Generally speaking, anon-transitory, computer readable storage medium may include storagemedia or memory media such as magnetic or optical media, e.g., disk orCD/DVD-ROM, coupled to the AGV control system 210 via the I/O interface910. Program instructions and data stored via a non-transitory computerreadable medium may be transmitted by transmission media or signals suchas electrical, electromagnetic, or digital signals, which may beconveyed via a communication medium such as a network and/or a wirelesslink, such as may be implemented via the network interface 916.

In one implementation, the I/O interface 910 may be configured tocoordinate I/O traffic between the processor(s) 902, the non-transitorycomputer readable storage medium 920, and any peripheral devices, thenetwork interface or other peripheral interfaces, such as input/outputdevices 918. In some implementations, the I/O interface 910 may performany necessary protocol, timing or other data transformations to convertdata signals from one component (e.g., non-transitory computer readablestorage medium 920) into a format suitable for use by another component(e.g., processor(s) 902). In some implementations, the I/O interface 910may include support for devices attached through various types ofperipheral buses, such as a variant of the Peripheral ComponentInterconnect (PCI) bus standard or the Universal Serial Bus (USB)standard, for example. In some implementations, the function of the I/Ointerface 910 may be split into two or more separate components, such asa north bridge and a south bridge, for example. Additionally, in someimplementations, some or all of the functionality of the I/O interface910, such as an interface to the non-transitory computer readablestorage medium 920, may be incorporated directly into the processor(s)902.

The propulsion controller 904 communicates with the navigation system908 (e.g., for adjusting the steering and power of the motor of the AGV200 of FIG. 2 to guide the AGV along a determined travel path). Thenavigation system 908 may include a global positioning system (GPS),indoor positioning system (IPS), or other similar system and/or sensorsthat can be used to navigate the AGV 200 to and/or from a location. Theitem engagement mechanism controller 912 is utilized to engage and/ordisengage items that are to be acquired and/or delivered by the AGV 200.For example, the item engagement mechanism controller 912 may operate anitem engagement mechanism that includes a robotic arm or other mechanismfor engaging items and placing them in a storage compartment of the AGV200, or for removing items from a storage compartment and placing themat a delivery location or other location. In various configurations, theitem engagement mechanism may be powered by the power modules, motors,etc. of the AGV 200.

The network interface 916 may be configured to allow data to beexchanged between the AGV control system 210, other devices attached toa network, such as other computer systems (e.g., remote computingresources 210), and/or with AGV control systems of other AGVs. Forexample, the network interface 916 may enable wireless communicationbetween the AGV 200 and the central management system 326 that isimplemented on one or more of the remote computing resources 210. Forwireless communication, an antenna of an AGV or other communicationcomponents may be utilized. As another example, the network interface916 may enable wireless communication between numerous AGVs. In variousimplementations, the network interface 916 may support communication viawireless general data networks, such as a Wi-Fi network. For example,the network interface 916 may support communication viatelecommunications networks such as cellular communication networks,satellite networks, and the like.

In some implementations, with respect to the operations of the userinterface 211 and/or operations for accessing the storagecompartment(s), receiving items, etc., the input/output devices 918 mayinclude one or more display terminals, keyboards, keypads, touchpads,scanning devices, voice or optical recognition devices, sensors, or anyother devices suitable for entering or retrieving data or sensinginputs. Multiple input/output devices 918, some of which may be includedas part of the user interface 211, may be present in or otherwisecontrolled by the AGV control system 210 or may be distributed onvarious nodes of the AGV control system 210. In some implementations,similar input/output devices may be separate from the AGV control system210 and may interact with one or more nodes of the AGV control system210 through a wired or wireless connection, such as over the networkinterface 916.

In some implementations, with respect to the navigation, etc. of the AGV200, the input/output devices 918 may include one or more displays,imaging sensors, thermal sensors, infrared sensors, time of travelsensors, accelerometers, weather sensors, locator devices, etc. Multiplesuch input/output devices 918 may be present and controlled by the AGVcontrol system 210. One or more of these sensors (e.g., imaging sensors,etc.) may be utilized to assist with navigating the AGV 200 along travelpaths (e.g., including the avoidance of other vehicles or obstaclesduring travel, etc.). In various implementations, such sensors may alsobe utilized for assisting with the positioning of the AGV 200 relativeto other AGVs at a meeting location and/or other activities of the AGV200. For example, an imaging sensor may be utilized to assist withnavigation, as well determining an identification of a transportationvehicle from which an item is to be received and/or an identification ofan item that is to be received.

As shown in FIG. 9, the memory may include program instructions 922 thatmay be configured to implement the example processes and/orsub-processes described herein. The data storage 924 may include variousdata stores for maintaining data items that may be provided fordetermining travel paths, receiving and delivering items, identifyinglocations, etc. In various implementations, the parameter values andother data illustrated herein as being included in one or more datastores may be combined with other information not described or may bepartitioned differently into more, fewer, or different data structures.In some implementations, data stores may be physically located in onememory or may be distributed among two or more memories.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the AGV control system 210is merely illustrative and is not intended to limit the scope of thepresent disclosure. In particular, the computing system and devices mayinclude any combination of hardware or software that can perform theindicated functions, including computers, network devices, internetappliances, PDAs, wireless phones, pagers, etc. The AGV control system210 may also be connected to other devices that are not illustrated, orinstead may operate as a stand-alone system. In addition, thefunctionality provided by the illustrated components may in someimplementations be combined in fewer components or distributed inadditional components. Similarly, in some implementations, thefunctionality of some of the illustrated components may not be providedand/or other additional functionality may be available.

Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that, while various itemsare illustrated as being stored in memory or storage while being used,these items or portions of them may be transferred between memory andother storage devices for purposes of memory management and dataintegrity. Alternatively, in other implementations, some or all of thesoftware components may execute in memory on another device andcommunicate with the illustrated AGV control system 210. Some or all ofthe system components or data structures may also be stored (e.g., asinstructions or structured data) on a non-transitory,computer-accessible medium or a portable article to be read by anappropriate drive, various examples of which are described herein. Insome implementations, instructions stored on a computer-accessiblemedium separate from the AGV control system 210 may be transmitted tothe AGV control system 210 via transmission media or signals such aselectrical, electromagnetic, or digital signals, conveyed via acommunication medium such as a wireless link. Various implementationsmay further include receiving, sending, or storing instructions and/ordata implemented in accordance with the foregoing description upon acomputer-accessible medium. Accordingly, the techniques described hereinmay be practiced with other AGV control system configurations.

While the functional components of the example AGV 200 are discussedherein as part of the AGV 200, in other implementations, one or more ofthe functional components may be distributed and/or implemented as partof the central management system 326. For example, one or more of theaspects of the program instructions 922 may be implemented as part ofthe central management system 326.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram of an illustrative implementation of a serversystem, such as the server system 320, which may be used in theimplementations described herein. The server system 320 may include aprocessor 1000, such as one or more redundant processors, a videodisplay adapter 1002, a disk drive 1004, an input/output interface 1006,a network interface 1008, and a memory 1012. The processor 1000, thevideo display adapter 1002, the disk drive 1004, the input/outputinterface 1006, the network interface 1008, and the memory 1012 may becommunicatively coupled to each other by a communication bus 1010.

The video display adapter 1002 provides display signals to a localdisplay (not shown in FIG. 10) permitting an agent of the server system320 to monitor and configure operation of the server system 320 and/orto provide information (e.g., regarding the operations of AGVs 200,etc.). The input/output interface 1006 likewise communicates withexternal input/output devices not shown in FIG. 10, such as a mouse,keyboard, scanner, or other input and output devices that can beoperated by an agent of the server system 320. The network interface1008 includes hardware, software, or any combination thereof, tocommunicate with other computing devices. For example, the networkinterface 1008 may be configured to provide communications between theserver system 320 and other computing devices, such as that of an AGV200, central management system 326, etc., via a network.

The memory 1012 generally comprises random access memory (RAM),read-only memory (ROM), flash memory, and/or other volatile or permanentmemory. The memory 1012 is shown storing an operating system 1014 forcontrolling the operation of the server system 320. A binaryinput/output system (BIOS) 1016 for controlling the low-level operationof the server system 320 is also stored in the memory 1012.

The memory 1012 additionally stores program code and data for providingnetwork services to the AGV 200, central management system 326, etc.Accordingly, the memory 1012 may store a browser application 1018. Thebrowser application 1018 comprises computer executable instructions,that, when executed by the processor 1000 generate or otherwise obtainconfigurable markup documents such as Web pages. The browser application1018 communicates with a data store manager application 1020 tofacilitate data exchange between the data store 1030 and the AGVs 200,the central management system 326, etc.

As used herein, the term “data store” refers to any device orcombination of devices capable of storing, accessing, and retrievingdata, which may include any combination and number of data servers,databases, data storage devices and data storage media, in any standard,distributed or clustered environment. The server system 320 can includeany appropriate hardware and software for integrating with the datastore 1030 as needed to execute aspects of one or more applications foran AGV 200, central management system 326, etc.

The data store 1030 can include several separate data tables, databasesor other data storage mechanisms and media for storing data relating toa particular aspect. For example, the illustrated data store 1030 mayinclude mechanisms for maintaining information related to operations,inventory, maps, GPS data, AGVs, delivery locations, home baselocations, meeting locations, associated travel paths, etc., which canbe used to generate and deliver information to an AGV 200, centralmanagement system 326, agents, etc. It should be understood that theremay be additional aspects that can be stored in the data store 1030 andthat additional data stores beyond the one illustrated may be included.The data store 1030 is operable, through logic associated therewith, toreceive instructions from the server system 320 and obtain, update orotherwise process data in response thereto.

The memory 1012 may also include the central management system 326,discussed above. The central management system 326 may be executable bythe processor 1000 to implement one or more of the functions of theserver system 320. In one implementation, the central management system326 may represent instructions embodied in one or more software programsstored in the memory 1012. In another implementation, the centralmanagement system 326 can represent hardware, software instructions, ora combination thereof.

The server system 320, in one implementation, is a distributedenvironment utilizing several computer systems and components that areinterconnected via communication links, using one or more computernetworks or direct connections. However, it will be appreciated by thoseof ordinary skill in the art that such a system could operate equallywell in a system having fewer or a greater number of components than areillustrated in FIG. 10. Thus, the depiction in FIG. 10 should be takenas being illustrative in nature and not limiting to the scope of thedisclosure.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that in some implementationsthe functionality provided by the processes and systems discussed abovemay be provided in alternative ways, such as being split among moresoftware modules or routines or consolidated into fewer modules orroutines. Similarly, in some implementations, illustrated processes andsystems may provide more or less functionality than is described, suchas when other illustrated processes instead lack or include suchfunctionality respectively, or when the amount of functionality that isprovided is altered. In addition, while various operations may beillustrated as being performed in a particular manner (e.g., in serialor in parallel) and/or in a particular order, those skilled in the artwill appreciate that in other implementations the operations may beperformed in other orders and in other manners. Those skilled in the artwill also appreciate that the data structures discussed above may bestructured in different manners, such as by having a single datastructure split into multiple data structures or by having multiple datastructures consolidated into a single data structure. Similarly, in someimplementations, illustrated data structures may store more or lessinformation than is described, such as when other illustrated datastructures instead lack or include such information respectively, orwhen the amount or types of information that is stored is altered. Thevarious methods and systems as illustrated in the figures and describedherein represent example implementations. The methods and systems may beimplemented in software, hardware, or a combination thereof in otherimplementations. Similarly, the order of any method may be changed andvarious elements may be added, reordered, combined, omitted, modified,etc., in other implementations.

From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that, although specificimplementations have been described herein for purposes of illustration,various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit andscope of the appended claims and the elements recited therein. Inaddition, while certain aspects are presented below in certain claimforms, the inventors contemplate the various aspects in any availableclaim form. For example, while only some aspects may currently berecited as being embodied in a computer readable storage medium, otheraspects may likewise be so embodied. Various modifications and changesmay be made as would be obvious to a person skilled in the art havingthe benefit of this disclosure. It is intended to embrace all suchmodifications and changes and, accordingly, the above description is tobe regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.

What is claimed is:
 1. A transportation system, comprising: atransportation vehicle to transport items from a materials handlingfacility; an autonomous ground vehicle (AGV), comprising: a propulsionsystem; and a storage compartment having a locking mechanism; and acomputing system, comprising: one or more processors; and a memorycoupled to the one or more processors and storing program instructionsthat when executed by the one or more processors cause the one or moreprocessors to at least: instruct the AGV to travel to a location;instruct the AGV to receive an item from the transportation vehicle inthe storage compartment of the AGV; and instruct the AGV to travel alonga travel path to deliver the item.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein theinstructions to travel along the travel path to deliver the item includeinstructions for the AGV to deliver the item to a user's residence. 3.The system of claim 2, wherein the program instructions when executed bythe one or more processors further cause the one or more processors tosend a message to the user indicating when the item is being delivered.4. The system of claim 1, wherein the locking mechanism is configured tobe controlled to lock the storage compartment of the AGV after the itemhas been received from the transportation vehicle.
 5. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the locking mechanism is configured to be controlled tounlock the storage compartment of the AGV for the delivery of the item.6. The system of claim 1, wherein the program instructions when executedby the one or more processors further cause the one or more processorsto determine a time when the AGV is to travel to the location.
 7. Anautonomous ground vehicle (AGV), comprising: a propulsion system; astorage compartment having a locking mechanism; and a control system,comprising: one or more processors; and a memory coupled to the one ormore processors and storing program instructions that when executed bythe one or more processors cause the one or more processors to at least:control the propulsion system to navigate the AGV to a location toreceive an item from a transportation vehicle that has transported theitem from a materials handling facility; determine that the item fromthe transportation vehicle has been placed in the storage compartment ofthe AGV; and control the propulsion system to navigate the AGV along atravel path to deliver the item.
 8. The AGV of claim 7, furthercomprising an imaging sensor that is utilized to assist with thenavigation of the AGV along the travel path to deliver the item.
 9. TheAGV of claim 7, further comprising a distance detection sensorconfigured to determine a distance between the AGV and an object. 10.The AGV of claim 7, wherein the determination that the item has beenplaced in the storage compartment is based at least in part on an inputthat is received by the control system of the AGV.
 11. The AGV of claim7, wherein the program instructions when executed by the one or moreprocessors further cause the one or more processors to control thelocking mechanism to lock the storage compartment of the AGV after theitem has been placed in the storage compartment.
 12. The AGV of claim 7,wherein the program instructions when executed by the one or moreprocessors further cause the one or more processors to control thelocking mechanism to unlock the storage compartment of the AGV as partof the delivery of the item.
 13. The AGV of claim 7, wherein the AGVdelivers the item to a user's residence.
 14. A computer-implementedmethod for transporting items, the computer-implemented methodcomprising: under control of one or more computing systems configuredwith executable instructions, determining that a first item from atransportation vehicle that has transported the first item from amaterials handling facility has been placed in a first storagecompartment of a first autonomous ground vehicle (AGV); instructing thefirst AGV to travel along a first travel path to deliver the first item;determining that a second item from the transportation vehicle that hastransported the second item from the materials handling facility hasbeen placed in a second storage compartment of a second AGV; andinstructing the second AGV to travel along a second travel path todeliver the second item.
 15. The computer-implemented method of claim14, further comprising locking the respective first and second storagecompartments of the first and second AGVs after the first and seconditems from the transportation vehicle are placed in the respective firstand second storage compartments.
 16. The computer-implemented method ofclaim 14, wherein the first and second AGVs deliver the first and seconditems to respective first and second user's residences.
 17. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 16, further comprising sendingfirst and second messages to the first and second users indicating whenthe first and second items are being delivered.
 18. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 14, further comprising unlockingthe respective first and second storage compartments of the first andsecond AGVs as part of the deliveries of the first and second items. 19.The computer-implemented method of claim 14, further comprisinginstructing the first and second AGVs to travel to a location before thefirst and second items are received from the transportation vehicle. 20.The computer-implemented method of claim 14, further comprisinginstructing the first and second AGVs to travel to a home base afterdelivering the first and second items.